Hello! Welcome to this edition of CBN Friday Special. I’m Stephanie Li.
1/8000000000.
That’s each one of us on Earth, feeling small as an individual, but strong as human together.
The world’s population officially hit 8 billion on Tuesday, according to UNFPA(United Nations Population Fund).
What exactly does 8 billion mean for us and for the world?
Turning 8 billion is just how historical landmark it is: it took 125 years to reach 2 billion people on the planet, but just 12 years for us to add 1 more billion.
“This unprecedented growth is due to the gradual increase in human lifespan owing to improvements in public health, nutrition, personal hygiene and medicine. It is also the result of high and persistent levels of fertility in some countries,” the UN statement read.
However, the boom wasn’t distributed evenly around the world. Countries across Asia have accounted for the majority of the world’s growth since 2011. India alone added 180 million people and is projected to surpass China as the most populous nation sometime next year.
Middle-income countries, mostly in Asia, accounted for most of the growth over the past decade, gaining some 700 million since 2011. Most of the 2.4 billion people to be added before the global population peaks will be born in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the UN, marking a shift away from China and India.
Growth rates in most of Europe and North America have stagnated, with some countries even seeing their populations shrink. For example, Italy’s population will enter a negative growth starting from the late-2020s, especially when the current population gets older.
By 2050, in Europe and North America, one out of every four people will be over the age of 65, posing huge pressure on existing healthcare system, and fewer individual contributing to the economy. And that’s why the UN says, “the sole driver of the population growth of high-income countries over the next several decades will be because of migration.”
Even while the global population reaches new highs, demographers note the growth rate has fallen steadily to less than 1% per year. This should keep the world from reaching 9 billion people until 2037. The UN projects the global population will peak at around 10.4 billion people in the 2080s and remain at that level until 2100.
Eight billion is definitely a major milestone for all of us, as many parts of the world face sluggish economic growth and struggle to address pressing global issues like climate change, food security, aging populations and environmental destruction.
Having more people on Earth puts more pressure on nature, as people compete with wildlife for water, food and space. Meanwhile, rapid population growth combined with climate change is also likely to cause mass migration and conflict in coming decades, experts say.
But before you come to thinking that the Earth is overloaded, there’s another side of the coin.
In fact, the question of how many people the Earth can sustain has been a source of heated debate for centuries.
In the eyes of many experts, reaching what the U.N. is calling the “day of 8 billion” should be cause for major concern. The swiftly expanding population will only make it more difficult to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the level that is needed to avoid the most catastrophic impacts of climate change. More people will also put extra strain on critical resources like food and water, which are primed to become more scarce amid extreme droughts and severe weather. Some add that the most effective steps for reducing population growth, namely increased economic stability and improved reproductive autonomy for women, are worthy goals in and of themselves.
But others say these concerns are unfounded. They argue that focusing on the size of the population obscures the actual causes, and potential solutions, for climate change. The biggest driver of global emissions, they say, is the rate of consumption in rich countries — not the fact that low-income nations are adding more people.
Some demographers also believe that an expanding population should be celebrated because it will help developing nations thrive economically and create more opportunities for innovation, collaboration and prosperity.
On the homepage of UNFPA, there’s a banner saying “8 billion: A World of Infinite Possibility”, with an infinity symbol “∞”, #8billionstrong.
Reaching an 8 billion global population “is an occasion to celebrate diversity and advancements while considering humanity’s shared responsibility for the planet,” UN Secretary General António Guterres said, adding that the world is growing more divided as it grows bigger, and unless we bridge the yawning chasm between the global haves and have-nots, we are setting ourselves up for an 8-billion-strong world filled with tensions and mistrust, crisis and conflict.
Remember the words of one of humanity’s wisest observers, Mahatma Gandhi: “The world has enough for everyone's need –——but not everyone's greed.”
你,我,他——80亿分之一。
对每个地球人而言,2022年11月15日这一天,是否会感觉世界从未如此“拥挤”?
这一日,联合国宣布世界总人口达到80亿。
据联合国人口基金会的数据,世界人口在1999年10月12日达到60亿,在2011年10月31日达到70亿,在2022年11月15日达到80亿。换而言之,世界人口从60亿增长到70亿花了约12年,从70亿增长到80亿花了约11年。
据联合国《世界人口展望2022报告》预测,在2050年之前,全球人口增长的一半以上将集中在这8个国家:刚果民主共和国、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、印度、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、菲律宾和坦桑尼亚。其中,印度预计最早于2023年成为世界第一人口大国,并在2050年人口达到17亿。在2050年之后,撒哈拉以南非洲地区预计将贡献一半以上的世界人口增长。
报告还指出,生育率最高的国家往往是人均收入最低的国家。随着时间的推移,全球人口增长越来越集中在世界上最贫穷的国家,其中大多数在撒哈拉以南非洲地区。
中国人口发展研究中心副研究员史毅表示,世界人口达到80亿,“既是压力,也是成就。这种变化一方面给全球可持续发展问题敲响了警钟,让国际社会重新审视人口、资源与环境的关系问题,可能推动各国在能源开发利用、生态环境保护、应对气候变化等方面产生更多的争议和冲突,更加难以达成一致性的共识,另一方面也反映出全球经济社会发展取得的重大进步、生活条件的改善和医疗卫生水平的提升,特别是在生育水平快速下降的情况下,发展中国家婴幼儿死亡率、孕产妇死亡率的下降以及平均预期寿命的大幅提升成为人口快速增长的主要动力来源。”
未来,人口增长还会大踏步向前走吗?
自工业革命以来,全球人口就一直在不断增加。1800年左右达到第一个10亿人口,1927年达到20亿,在1950年代人口增长才开始加速。
联合国的报告指出,到2037年,世界人口将会达到90亿。这意味着世界人口从80亿增长到90亿需要约15年时间,表明全球人口的增长速度正在放缓。
自联合国有人口数据记录以来,20世纪60年代末,世界人口的增速达到了每年略高于2%的历史峰值;2020年,全球人口年增长率首次降至1%以下。预计在2022年至2050年期间,全球有61个国家或地区的人口将至少减少1%。
全球人口增速放缓这一变化发生的主要原因是生育率的下降。许多国家的生育率在最近几十年下降很快。目前,全球妇女平均生育率为每名妇女生育2.3个孩子,而在1950年的时候是平均每名妇女生育5个孩子。在某些情况下,移徙率上升也可能导致人口下降。
报告预测,世界人口将在本世纪80年代达到峰值104亿,在2100年之前,世界人口将维持在这一水平或开始下降。
然而,也有不少人口学家认为,人口增长的极限正在临近,人口峰值也可能不会达到联合国预计的100亿。美国华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所2020年的一项研究推算,全球人口2064年将达到峰值,但到不了100亿,到2100年将减少至88亿。
世界人口达到80亿,是否意味着地球“已超载”?
基于对人类教育、健康等因素的不同假设,人口学家对世界人口的长期预测各不相同,曾经有人口学家认为,80亿可能就是世界人口的峰值。关于全球人口达到80亿,一些人士担心世界人口过多,地球资源不足以维持这么多人的生活。
在科学界,“地球承载能力”是一个颇具争议的话题。世界经济论坛官网一篇文章指出,对于“地球承载能力”,科学家最低的估计值只有5亿人口,最高的估计值达到1万亿人口,差别非常大。
英国博物学家大卫·爱登堡2018年接受采访时表示:“世界人口增长速度是非常令人担忧的,尽管长远来看,世界人口规模会趋于稳定,但在我看来,世界人口规模可能会超出地球的容纳能力。”
甚至,早在两百多年前,英国著名人口学家马尔萨斯(Thomas Robert Malthus)就曾预言,由于人口的增长快于食物供给的增加,人类将面临“人口爆炸”的灾难。上世纪60年代,美国斯坦福大学保罗·R·埃里希教授在畅销书《人口炸弹》中预测,人口过剩将在1970年代和1980年代引发全球饥荒,并主张立即采取行动限制人口增长。
但事实证明,“地球承载能力”会随着人类文明的进步而变化,1000年前,地球只能维持不到5亿人的生命。100年前,地球已经能够承载约20亿人口了。
澳大利亚国立大学的学者斯蒂芬·多佛斯(Stephen Dovers)和科林·巴特勒(Colin Butler)认为“地球承载能力”还与人们的消费习惯有关,他们在一篇论文中写道,“如果地球上每个人都像美国中产阶级那样生活,那么地球可能只有大约20亿人口的承载能力。但如果人们只消费他们实际需要的东西,那么地球可能可以承载更多的人口。”
如今,全世界人口已达到80亿,马尔萨斯的“人口爆炸”预言未在现实中出现。其原因在于近几十年来全世界城市化的进展和女性权利意识的提高,并且马尔萨斯忽视了科技进步和社会生产力的发展对解决人口增长问题的作用。
其实,每当全球人口的增长数量越过10亿的关口时,这样的担忧总是会出现。站在80亿人口的节点,地球似乎尚未陷入崩溃,但气候变化危机、战争和冲突、饥饿与贫困仍然是困扰全人类的难题。
联合国网站“80亿人口日”栏目说,全球人口增长归功于公共卫生、营养、个人卫生以及医药的改善使人类寿命逐渐延长。另外,一些国家的高生育率也推动了人口快速增长。
80亿这个数字本身并无好坏可言,但快速增长的人口会给社会和经济的发展带来挑战,因为这需要不断投入更多的资源来满足新增人口的需求。
联合国秘书长古特雷斯在《80亿人口,一个人类》中表示,人类大家庭在日益壮大的同时,也面临着日益严重的不平等问题。如果不解决这些问题,世界上将充满紧张和不信任、危机和冲突。
他最后援引圣雄甘地的话:“世界上的东西足以满足每个人的需要——但不足以满足每个人的贪欲。”
Executive Editor: Sonia YU
Editor: LI Yanxia
Host: Stephanie LI
Writer: Stephanie LI
Sound Editor: Stephanie LI
Graphic Designer: ZHENG Wenjing, LIAO Yuanni
Produced by 21st Century Business Herald Dept. of Overseas News.
Presented by SFC
编委: 于晓娜
策划、编辑:李艳霞
播音:李莹亮
撰稿:李莹亮
音频制作:李莹亮
设计:郑文静、廖苑妮
21世纪经济报道海外部 制作
南方财经全媒体集团 出品